access 11, 82–83, 149–153, 245–247

accountability 73–74, 170–171

adaptive, participatory management approaches 1–2, 8–9, 128–131, 189–191

African Highlands Initiative (AHI) 12, 93, 149, 154, 163, 186–188

agenda 52–55, 120–122

agroecosystem management 186–188

agrobiodiversity management 202–204

AHI see African Highlands Initiative attitudes 102–103, 104, 105, 106, 108

Australia 194

background studies 131, 190

bacterial wilt 57, 215–217

Bangladesh 154, 162, 223–225

baselines 234, 235

belief systems 61–62, 79–80, 84, 210–212

benefits 63, 130, 134, 219

best-bet technologies 235–236

Bhutan 202

bureaucratic institutions 90–91

capacity 15, 75, 110, 116–117, 202–204

capital 2–3, 29, 60, 61, 75, 196

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) 12, 82, 119, 128–129, 131, 161, 176, 180, 189, 191

Central America 205–207

CGIAR see Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research

change

institutional 88–112, 119

research 122–125, 128–131, 146

stakeholders 6, 161, 166

Chatham workshop 117–118, 144–168, 169

CIAL see Comité de Investigación Agrícola Local

collaboration

community forests 128–131, 189–191

decision-making 208–210

landscapes 193–194, 221–223

participation 24, 25, 28, 212

soil management 241

technology 81, 170, 171, 173–177

watershed management 232

collective action 143, 148, 228, 243

collegiate approaches 24, 25, 28, 147–148

Colombia 194

Comité de Investigación Agrícola Local (CIAL) 132–135, 162, 194–197

common property 4, 5, 51–52

communication

institutional change 104, 105–107

research findings 38, 41–42, 148, 150

scaling up 81, 83, 84, 155

soil management 235–236

vision building 50–52

women 147

communities

demand-led approaches 208–210

forests 128–131, 189–194

institutional change 100, 109

on-farm research 207

ownership 50–55

potato production 215–217

watershed management 77–78, 83

see also farmers; local aspects

comparative methodologies 234–237

competence development 95, 98–99

complexity 21–23, 42, 119, 161

conceptual development 95, 98–99

constructivist learning 115–116

Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) 109, 164, 167, 177

see also gender, participatory analysis

consultative participation 24, 25, 28

context 114–117, 177–179, 229–230

continuity 78–81, 131–135, 134

contractual participation 24, 25, 28

convergence models 122

cooperation 75, 108, 216–217

Costa Rica 206

costs 42–43

creativity 155–156

crop rotation 197, 232

culture 70–71, 93, 106, 108, 148

debates 152–153, 167

decentralization 4

decision-making

collaboration 208–210

complexity 21, 42

consensus 5, 33, 219, 244

organizational 90, 108

pest management 210–212

stakeholders 4, 5, 83

demand-led approaches 208–210

democratization 5, 33

demonstration approach 79, 235–236

descriptive diversity analysis 30, 31

design 97–98, 105, 128, 135, 162, 173–174

see also redesigning

design-oriented diversity analysis 30, 31

development 200–201, 226–228, 229–230

dialogue 150, 197–198

disease management 56, 208–210, 212–214, 217

dissemination 17, 27, 73–74, 204, 233, 236

see also information; knowledge

diversity

analysis 28–33

knowledge integration 40–41

landscapes 21–23, 202

research approaches 15, 44

socioeconomic 3, 70

documentation 171–172

donors 50, 238

driving forces 95, 96–97

drought-prone areas 240–242

dynamics 21–23, 122, 145–147

Eastern Himalayas 151, 202–204

see also Nepal

ecological aspects 4–5, 6, 7

economic development 229

Egypt 156, 197–198

empowerment 76, 115, 235–236, 245–247

ethnicity 202–204, 233

evaluation

farmer research committees 133–134

participatory research 10, 16, 17, 77

soil management 235, 236

water trough case 222–223

exclusion 149–151, 152–153, 230

experience 95–96, 99, 116–119, 176, 178

expertise 15, 16, 108

external drivers 96, 117

facilitation

change 94, 106–107

institutional change 100

interdisciplinary 63–64

pest management 159–160, 211

research 16, 17, 59–60, 133–4, 195

see also support; training

farmers

collaboration 175–176, 177

forage selection 205–207

innovation development 28

knowledge 37, 38–39, 108, 109, 149, 210–212

Landcare movement 120–122, 192–194

long-term production 197–198

potato production 14, 212–214

research groups 132–135, 187–188, 194–197

scaling up 68, 69, 79–80

see also communities; local aspects

feedback 119, 125, 131–135, 133

fish culture 224–225

flood-prone ecosystems 154, 223–225

focus groups 237–238, 241

forages 156–157, 162, 205–207

forests 128–131, 189–191

funding 49–50, 64, 231

gender

agrobiodiversity 201, 202–204

changing contexts 146–147

disease management 208–210, 217

farmer field schools 214

irrigation systems 226–227

ownership 56–58

participatory analysis 30, 88, 109, 164

soil management 235, 236

watersheds 233

generalizability 128, 130–131, 190

genetic aspects 72, 150, 151, 199–202

geographic information systems (GIS) 155, 170, 178–179, 232, 246

geographic perspectives 67, 237–239

GIS see geographic information systems

global aspects 174–176, 199

governments 49, 68, 226–227

heterogeneity 32, 69–71, 83

heuristics 79–80, 84, 210–212

hillsides 123–124, 205–207

historical perspectives 148, 156, 170, 171, 178, 180, 237–239

homogeneity 32

Honduras 156–157, 162, 205–207

human aspects 21–22, 23, 29, 75, 90–91, 108

impacts

organizations 104, 106–107,196

scaling up 67

technology transfer 166

traditional approach contrast 27, 33–34, 42

implementation 24–25, 200, 225, 239

in situ conservation 199–202

India

agrobiodiversity management 202–204

information tools 245–247

livestock production 52–53, 149, 151–153, 221–223

indicators

good practice 10, 120–125, 128–137

institutional change 104

sustainability 77–78

trustworthiness 118–119

watersheds 244

indigenous agricultural experimentation 176

information

access 11, 245–247

knowledge focus 173

long-term projects 200

sharing 131–135

see also dissemination; knowledge

initiating change 94, 95–101

innovation 28, 88–112, 228–231

insecticides 80, 210–212

institutional aspects 35, 61, 88–112, 160–163, 164, 172, 192–194

integrated approaches 40–41, 80, 89, 90, 119, 208–210, 216, 231–234

intensive production systems 197–198

interdisciplinary facilitation 63–64

internal drivers 21, 96, 97

International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) 119, 123–125, 132, 187, 194, 196–197, 207, 243–244

irrigation systems 149, 155, 158, 163–164, 226–231

iterative approaches 7, 123, 124–125, 131–135

joint approaches 16, 17, 63, 174, 229–230 justice 149–153, 165

knowledge

hybrid frameworks 167

information contrast 173

integrating 16, 37–41, 108, 210–212

linking 125–127

research design 148, 162, 196

sharing 6, 8, 56, 62, 149, 171–172

synthesizing 71–72

see also dissemination; information

Landcare movement 120–122, 161, 192–194

landscape approaches 21–23, 29, 153–155, 193–194, 202, 221–225, 231–234

large-scale research 74–75, 158, 228

Latin America 56–58, 150, 162, 194–197

leadership 98, 102, 238

learning

institutional 35, 95–96, 99–100

organizational 12–13, 90–91, 107–109

ownership 62–63

participatory 9, 14

research 28, 89, 115, 135

shared 113, 117–119

social 189–191

linking activities 159–160, 170, 172, 200, 201, 205

see also collaboration; partnerships

livestock production 53, 149, 151–153, 154, 157, 205–207, 221–223

local aspects

belief systems 61–62

change 96

creativity 155–156

facilitation 159–160

heterogeneity 70–71, 83

knowledge integration 37–38

positioning systems 174–176

research 22, 34–35, 48, 79–81

scaling up 78

see also communities; farmers

Local Committees for Agricultural Research see Comite de Investigacion Agricola Local (CIAL)

long-term aspects 81–82, 156–157, 197–198, 200, 216–217

macro level ownership 48, 49–50

Malawi

risk management 240–242

soil and water conservation 58–60, 237–239

technology development 74, 82, 83, 162, 234–237

mapping 124, 187, 240–246

media 79–80, 84, 211

meso level ownership 48, 50–52

monitoring

data collection 148

forests 130, 190

information technology 247

long-term 198

research 10, 16, 17, 134

water resources 53, 223, 225, 243–245

mother–baby trial design 81, 82, 83, 235

motivation 58, 63, 159, 187, 214

multi-country models 128–131, 189–191

Natural Resources Institute (NRI) 113, 144, 221–222

negotiation 12, 14, 16, 17, 21

Nepal

agrobiodiversity 202–204

irrigation systems 155, 228–231

potato production 14, 56, 57, 59–60, 157, 161, 163–164, 215–217

watersheds 231–234

Nicaragua 123–124, 154, 206, 243–245

nutrient budgeting 67, 78, 83

organizational aspects 12–13, 67, 88–112, 95, 160–163

ownership 5, 10, 23–24, 33, 48–66, 226–227

Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA) 30, 49, 88–89, 92, 94, 96, 98–100, 102–105, 109–110, 145, 164, 214

partnerships

indicators 120–122

institutions 97, 194, 205, 206

research design 162

scaling up 74–77, 82, 84

see also collaboration; linking activities

Peru 14, 56–58, 212–214

pest management 149, 159–160, 210–212

Philippines 120–122, 128–131, 161, 192–194, 210–212

planning

action 76–77

good practice 119, 128–131, 132, 135

information technology 247

joint 208–210, 229–230, 241

plant resources 150, 151, 176, 199–202, 212–214

political aspects 62, 108, 117, 163–164

potato production

Nepal 14, 56, 57, 59–60, 157, 161, 163–164, 215–217

Peru 14, 56–58, 212–214

poverty 2–3, 226–228

power 11–12, 14, 16, 23–24, 65, 166, 170

PRGA see Participatory Research and Gender Analysis

problem solving 52–55, 152, 222–223, 229–230

process approaches 91–95

quality 11, 40–41, 103

rapid rural appraisal (RRA) 40, 215–217

redesigning 94, 105–107

reflective learning 95–96, 99–100, 106, 215–216

reform 164, 165, 228–231

relationships 2, 11–12, 14, 22, 30, 60, 61

relevance 36–37, 38, 58, 73–74, 114–115, 122, 233

remote sensing 178–179, 246

reporting 171–172

reproductive learning 115

resource endowment ranking 188

responsibility 108, 222

results gap 101, 104

rice production 217–220, 224–225

rights 149–153

risk management 125–127, 240–242

roles 26–27, 30, 64–65

RRA see rapid rural appraisal

Samuhik Bhraman 215–217

scale 7, 34–35, 36, 64, 179–181

scaling up

approaches 67–87

future trends 170

information tools 242, 245–247

soil and water 60, 155, 225, 239

scientific aspects

collaborative 170, 171, 173–176

context 177–179

integration 37–38, 122–126

roles 26, 166–167

self-awareness 148

validity 103

self-awareness 130, 147–148

shared learning 113, 117–119

simulation modeling 67, 191, 240–242

smallholdings 240–242

social aspects

capital 60, 61, 196

change 3–4, 108, 119, 128–131

economics 70, 198, 233, 242

goals 35, 116

irrigation systems 228–231

justice 149–153, 165

learning 189–191

networks 161

science 122–125

technology 171, 228–231

soil management 58–60, 156, 162, 197, 234–242

South Africa 70, 152, 226–228

Southern Africa 126–127, 162, 240–242

spatial context 67, 69, 153–155, 178–179

stakeholders

capacity 76, 116–117

identification 55

interactions 2, 11–12, 147, 150, 160–163, 166

involvement 4, 5–6, 15, 27, 56–58, 208–210

irrigation systems 228–229

scaling up 68

triangulation principle 127

standards 170–171

statistical meta-analysis 81

status quo approaches 102–103

structural approaches 91–95, 97, 106, 108

support

decision-making 208–210

flood-prone ecosystems 225

institutional change 94, 100

irrigation systems 226–227

Landcare movement 193–194

local groups 59–60, 165, 214

modelling maps 241–242

ownership 63–64

participatory methods 88, 89, 92

in situ conservation 199–200

see also facilitation; training

sustainability 77–78, 94, 101–104, 146, 193

systems 93, 105–106, 106–107

teamwork 101–102

technical aspects 3–4, 58, 108, 228–231

technology

access 153, 204

development 156–157, 162, 234–237

long-term performance 81–82

scaling up 73, 74

smallholdings 240–242

traditional research 88

transfer 28, 59, 60, 166, 170, 173–176, 235–236, 234–238

time

frames 43, 64

institutional change 101, 104

land use planning 209

long-term projects 201

technology 155–157

watershed management 233

traditional approaches 23–45, 88, 103

training 203, 209, 217

see also facilitation; support

transformation 30, 31, 88–112, 142–168

transformative learning 116

trial and demonstration approach 235–236

triangulation principle 125–127

trustworthiness 118–119

tsetse fly control 159–160, 208–210

Uganda 12, 54, 217–220

validity 11–12, 37–40

value 4–5, 14–15, 61–62, 94, 106–107

variability 3, 5–6, 15

verification 167

Vietnam 79, 154, 162, 223–225

visioning

institutions 94, 96, 97, 98–99, 106–107

ownership 50–52, 54, 150

planning 128–129, 218–219

scaling up 179–181

water management

conservation 53, 59, 70, 152, 221–223

irrigation 197, 226–228

technology 237–239

wetlands 54, 217–220

watersheds

integrated management 192–194, 231–234

mapping 124, 154, 243–245

scaling up 77–78, 81, 83

West Africa 176

wetlands 54, 217–220

women see gender

Zambia 159–160, 208–210

Zimbabwe 50, 51–52, 107, 162, 234–237, 240–242