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WASTEWATER IRRIGATION AND HEALTH
Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-income Countries
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978-1-55250-475-8.jpg WASTEWATER IRRIGATION AND HEALTH
Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-income Countries

Edited by Pay Drechsel, Christopher A. Scott, Liqa Raschid-Sally, Mark Redwood, and Akiça Bahri

Earthscan/IWMI/IDRC 2010
ISBN 978-1-84407-795-3
e-ISBN 978-1-55250-475-8
432 pp.

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This book represents the best modern innovative thinking on the topic and symbolizes an important turning point in the history of wastewater use in irrigation as a major contributor to water and nutrient conservation, public health and welfare.
Hillel Shuval (Hadassah Academic College and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel)

This is a tremendously useful book with its clear focus on developing countries where wastewater treatment does not work. It is also a great resource for students.
Sasha Koo-Oshima (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)

This book is a very useful background publication for students and professionals who would like to critically assess the interaction between public health, wastewater treatment and use in agriculture.
Thor Axel Stenström (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm)

In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw.

Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater.

This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization. The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’.

THE EDITORS

Pay Drechsel is Global Theme Leader on Water Quality, Health and Environment at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Sri Lanka. Christopher A. Scott is Assistant Professor of Water Resources Policy and Geography & Development at the University of Arizona, USA. Liqa Raschid-Sally is Senior Wastewater Irrigation Expert at IWMI, Ghana. Mark Redwood is the Urban Poverty and Environment Program Leader at the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada. Akiça Bahri is Director for Africa at IWMI Ghana.

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 Document(s)

Foreword Hillel Shuval 2010


Preface The Editors 2010


Contributors and Reviewers 2010


Abbreviations 2010


PART 1. SETTING THE STAGE

1. Wastewater, Sludge and Excreta Use in Developing Countries: An Overview
Blanca Jiménez, Pay Drechsel, Doulaye Koné, Akiça Bahri, Liqa Raschid-Sally and Manzoor Qadir 2010


2. Assessing and Mitigating Wastewater-Related Health Risks in Low-Income Countries: An Introduction Robert Bos, Richard Carr and Bernard Keraita1 2010


PART 2. RISKS AND RISK ASSESSMENT

3. Risk Analysis and Epidemiology: The 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture
Duncan Mara and Robert Bos1 2010


4. Approaches to Evaluate and Develop Health Risk-Based Standards Using Available Data Inés Navarro, Peter Teunis, Christine Moe and Blanca Jiménez 2010


5. Tools for Risk Analysis: Updating the 2006 WHO Guidelines Duncan Mara, Andrew J. Hamilton, Andrew Sleigh, Natalie Karavarsamis and Razak Seidu 2010


6. Non-Pathogenic Trade-Offs of Wastewater Irrigation Manzoor Qadir and Christopher A. Scott 2010


7. Risk Analysis Integrating Livelihood and Economic Impacts of Wastewater Irrigation on Health Marites M. Tiongco, Clare A. Narrod and Kelly Bidwell 2010


PART 3. MINIMIZING HEALTH RISKS

8. Wastewater Treatment for Pathogen Removal and Nutrient Conservation: Suitable Systems for Use in Developing Countries
Blanca Jiménez, Duncan Mara, Richard Carr and François Brissaud1 2010


9. Low-Cost Options for Pathogen Reduction and Nutrient Recovery from Faecal Sludge Doulaye Koné, Olufunke O. Cofie and Kara Nelson 2010


10. Farm-Based Measures for Reducing Microbiological Health Risks for Consumers from Informal Wastewater-Irrigated Agriculture Bernard Keraita, Flemming Konradsen and Pay Drechsel 2010


11. Farm-Based Measures for Reducing Human and Environmental Health Risks from Chemical Constituents in Wastewater Robert Simmons, Manzoor Qadir and Pay Drechsel 2010


12. Applying the Multiple-Barrier Approach for Microbial Risk Reduction in the Post-Harvest Sector of Wastewater-Irrigated Vegetables Sanja Ilic, Pay Drechsel, Philip Amoah and Jeffrey T. LeJeune 2010


13. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Interventions for Diarrhoea Disease Reduction among Consumers of Wastewater Irrigated Lettuce in Ghana – Razak Seidu and Pay Drechsel 2010


PART 4. WASTEWATER GOVERNANCE AND ADOPTION OF RISK-REDUCTION OPTIONS

14. Challenging Conventional Approaches to Managing Wastewater Use in Agriculture
Frans Huibers, Mark Redwood and Liqa Raschid-Sally 2010


15. Designing Reuse-Oriented Sanitation Infrastructure: The Design for Service Planning Approach Ashley Murray and Chris Buckley 2010


16. Facilitating the Adoption of Food-Safety Interventions in the Street-Food Sector and on Farms Hanna Karg, Pay Drechsel, Philip Amoah and Regina Jeitler 2010


17. Harnessing Farmers’ Knowledge and Perceptions for Health-Risk Reduction in Wastewater-Irrigated Agriculture Bernard Keraita, Pay Drechsel, Razak Seidu, Priyanie Amerasinghe, Olufunke O. Cofie and Flemming Konradsen 2010


18. Multi-Stakeholder Processes for Managing Wastewater Use in Agriculture Alexandra E. V. Evans, Liqa Raschid-Sally and Olufunke O. Cofie 2010


PART 5 — CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

19. Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Challenges and Outlook for Mitigating Risks in Low-Income Countries
Christopher A. Scott, Pay Drechsel, Liqa Raschid-Sally, Akiça Bahri, Duncan Mara, Mark Redwood and Blanca Jiménez 2010




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